Direct dan Indirect Speech
Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung
menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami
perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata
ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).
Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").
- He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why do you come late."
- He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why do you come late."
Untuk itu, pada artikel ini penulis
sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect
speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct
speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (").
Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk
membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut
dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun
dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat
perintah). Misalnya:
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." | He said that he had a present for me in his bag. |
| 02 | He asked me, "why do you come late." | He asked me why I came late. |
| 03 | He orderd me, "don't bring a bag." | He ordered me to didn't bring a bag. |
Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?" | They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football. |
| 02 | He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?" | He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her. |
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He asked me, "why do you come late?" | He asked me why you came late. |
| 02 | He asked me, "what does she eat?" | He asked me what she ate. |
| 03 | He asked me, "when did you come?" | He asked me when I came. |
| 04 | He asked me, "who are you?" | He asked me who I was. |
| 05 | He asked me, "who is she?" | He asked me who she was. |
2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka,
perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang
digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini.
Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah
dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | Simple Present | Simple Past |
| 02 | Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| 03 | Present Future | Past Future |
| 04 | Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| 05 | Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| 06 | Simple Past | Past Perfect |
| 07 | Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | V1 (eat) | V2 (ate) |
| 02 | V2 (ate) | Had + V3 (had eaten) |
| 03 | Am/is/are | Was/were |
| 04 | Do/does | Did |
| 05 | Do/does not | Did not |
| 06 | Did not | Had not + V3 |
| 07 | Was/were | Had been |
| 08 | Am/is/are + V-ing | Was/were + V-ing |
| 09 | Was/were +V-ing | Had been + V-ing |
| 10 | Has/have + V3 | Had + V3 |
| 11 | Will/shall/can/may/must | Would/should/could/might/had to |
| 12 | Could/might/should/would + V1/be | Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been |
3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive
tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech
(kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada
indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
- Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He said, ‘I am busy.’ | He said that he was busy. |
| 02 | She said, ‘I am unwell.’ | She said that she was unwell. |
| 03 | I said, ‘I will be late.’ | I said that I would be late. |
| 04 | They said, ‘We will not permit this.’ | They said that they would not permit that. |
| 05 | We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’ | We said that we needed to buy some clothes. |
- Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’ | He told me that I had to go with him. |
| 02 | She said to me, ‘You can go.’ | She told me that I could go. |
| 03 | She said to him, ‘You can go.’ | She told him that he could go. |
- Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He said, ‘She is a good girl.’ | He said that she was a good girl. |
| 02 | She said, ‘They have invited us.’ | She said that they had invited them. |
| 03 | They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’ | They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications. |
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | Now | Then |
| 02 | To day | That day |
| 03 | Tomorrow | The next day The day after The following day A day later |
| 04 | Next ... | The ... after The following ... |
| 05 | Last ... | The ... before The Previous ... |
| 06 | ... ago | ... before ... earlier |
| 07 | Yesterday | The day before The previous day The preceeding day |
| 08 | The day before yesterday | Two day before |
| 09 | Here | There |
| 10 | This | That |
| 11 | These | Those |
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | |
| (+) | He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here” | He said that he had a present for me in his bag there. |
| (-) | He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” | He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. |
| (?) | He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” | He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. |
| (?) | He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? | He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag. |
| (!) | He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” | He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
| (!) | He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!” | He ordered me not to bring my bag there. |
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang
diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung)
ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada
orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin
melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3
jenis yaitu :
I.
Statement (pernyataan)
II.
Command (perintah)
III.
Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect
Speech :
1.
To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct Indirect
Am/is/are - was/were
Shall/will - should/would
Can - could
May - might
Must
Have/has to - had to
Ought to
2.
Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)
Direct Indirect
now - then
tomorrow - the following day
next week - the following week
tonight - that night
today - that day
yesterday - the day before
last night - the night before
last week - the week before,
the
precious week
here - there
this - that
these - those
3.
Tenses
Direct Indirect
Simple present - simple past
Simple past
- past perfect
Present perfect
Present
continous - past continous
Present perfect
continous - past perfect continous
Simple future - past future
I.
STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect
Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung
antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan
(reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to me that + reported words
He told me
e.g - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali
twice.”
- Mary told her
friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
- Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
- Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.
- My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
- Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”
- Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila kalimat
pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan
tidak mengalami perubahan.
e.g - John says “I will go to
Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that
he will go to Bandung tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that she has seen that film.
- My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom says “I don’t like English”
- Tom says that he don’t like English.
II.
COMMAND
Command dibagi
dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah
positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya,
sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan.
Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
|
to + infinitive
|
He told me
e.g - He asked me “Open your
book”
- He asked me to
open my book.
- Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
- Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
- Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.
- John told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he comes.
- The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”
- The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John “Don’t wait
for me”
- Mary told John
not to wait for her.
- I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”
- I told him not to mention it to anyone.
- Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”
- Father asked her not to go there alone.
- Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”
- Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.
- Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”
- Mother asked John not to smoke too much.
III.
QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan
langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where,
When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut
digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan
berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
|
Positive Form
|
When etc.
e.g - The man asked me : “Where
do you live ?”
- The man asked
me where I lived.
- John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
- John asked Mary why she got angry with him.
- I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back from his trip.
- He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name was.
Bila pertanyaan
langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan
dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if,
whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan
pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The boy asked John : “Does Mary
live near here?”
- The boy asked
John if Mary lived near there.
- The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
- Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.
- Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.
- We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”
- We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.
- Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her
?”
- Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian
IV.
REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan
dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as
(karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang
dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian.
Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :
e.g - She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
- She asked me
what the time was as her watch had
stopped.
- Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.
- Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.
- I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is
very good.
- I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good.
- He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”
- He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.
- She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window
open ?
- She said that it was cold inside and
asked if the window was open.
Bila dalam
pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan
kata but
sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai penghubung
untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.
- He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.
- Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
- Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.
- She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.
- She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn’t.
- I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.
- Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.
- Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?”
Yes, I did.
- Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.
- Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.
- Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari
Auxiliaries
Direct Indirect
Was/were - had been
can - could
may - might
must & have
to - had to
must not - wasn’t to/musn’t
needn’t - didn’t have to
e.g - Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said that she had been sick the day before.
- The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
- The man asked me if I could speak English.
- Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”
- Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.
- Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”
- Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the
exam.
- The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”
- The police told me that I wasn’t to drive without license.”
- The teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”
- The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry.
Semoga bermanfaat
1 komentar:
Sangat bermanfaat sharingnya..terima kasih..